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from "Born that way" theory
Is Sexual Orientation Fixed at Birth?
The best overall summary of most respected researchers is that homosexuality
(like most other psychological conditions) is due to a combination of social,
biological, and psychological factors.
Following are quotes from researchers in the field:
(1) From Dr. Dean Hamer, the "gay gene" researcher, and himself a gay man:
"Genes are hardware...the data of life's experiences are processed through the
sexual software into the circuits of identity. I suspect the sexual software is a
mixture of both genes and environment, in much the same way the software of a
computer is a mixture of what's installed at the factory and what's added by the
user."
--P. Copeland and D. Hamer (1994) The Science of Desire. New York: Simon and
Schuster.
(2) From psychiatrist Jeffrey Satinover, M.D.:
"Like all complex behavioral and mental states, homosexuality is...neither
exclusively biological nor exclusively psychological, but results from an
as-yet-difficult-to-quantitate mixture of genetic factors, intrauterine
influences...postnatal environment (such as parent, sibling and cultural
behavior), and a complex series of repeatedly reinforced choices occurring at
critical phases of development."
--J. Satinover, M.D., Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth (1996). Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker Books.
(3) When "gay gene" researcher Dr. Dean Hamer was asked if homosexuality was
rooted solely in biology, he replied:
"Absolutely not. From twin studies, we already know that half or more of the
variability in sexual orientation is not inherited. Our studies try to pinpoint
the genetic factors...not negate the psychosocial factors."
--"New Evidence of a 'Gay Gene'," by Anastasia Toufexis, Time,
November 13, 1995, vol. 146, Issue 20, p. 95.
(4) William Byne, a psychiatrist with a doctorate in biology, and Bruce Parsons
(1993) carefully analyzed all the major biological studies of homosexuality.
They found none that definitively supported a biological theory of causation.
--W. Byne and B. Parsons, "Human Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories
Reappraised." Archives of General Psychiatry 50, no.3.)
(5) Psychiatrists Friedman and Downey state that "a biopsychosocial model" best
fits our knowledge of causation, with various combinations of temperament and
environmental events leading to homosexuality. They say:
"Despite recent neurobiological findings suggesting homosexuality is
genetically-biologically determined, credible evidence is lacking for a
biological model of homosexuality."
--R. Friedman, M.D. and J. Downey, M.D., Journal of Neuropsychiatry, vol. 5,
No. 2, Spring l993.
(6) From sociologist Steven Goldberg, Ph.D.:
"Virtually all of the evidence argues against there being a determinative
physiological causal factor and I know of no researcher who believes that such a
determinative factor exists...such factors play a predisposing, not a
determinative role...I know of no one in the field who argues that homosexuality
can be explained without reference to environmental factors."
Goldberg adds:
"Gay criticism has not addressed the classic family
configuration"; it has merely "asserted away the considerable evidence" for the
existence of family factors. Studies which attempt to disprove the existence of
the classic family pattern in homosexuality are "convincing only to those with a
need to believe."
--S. Goldberg (1994) When Wish Replaces Thought: Why So Much of What You
Believe is False. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books.
(7) An article on genes and behavior in Science magazine says:
"...the interaction of genes and environment is much more complicated than the
simple "violence genes" and intelligence genes" touted in the popular press.
Indeed, renewed appreciation of environmental factors is one of the chief effects
of the increased belief in genetics' effects on behavior. The same data that
show the effects of genes also point to the enormous influence of non-genetic
factors."
--C. Mann, "Genes and behavior," Science 264:1687 (1994), pp. 1686-1689.
(8) Among Jeffrey Satinover's conclusions in "The Gay Gene":
"(1) There is a genetic component to homosexuality, but 'component' is just a
loose way of indicating genetic associations and linkages. 'Linkage' and
'association' do not mean 'causation.'
(2) There is no evidence that shows that homosexuality is genetic--and none of
the research itself claims there is. Only the press and certain researchers do,
when speaking in sound bites to the public."
--Jeffrey Satinover, M.D., The Journal of Human Sexuality, 1996, p.8.
(9) Says brain researcher Dr. Simon LeVay:
"At this point, the most widely held opinion [on causation of homosexuality]
is that multiple factors play a role.
"In 1988, PFLAG member Tinkle Hake surveyed a number of well-known figures in the
field about their views on homosexuality. She asked: 'Many observers believe
that a person's sexual orientation is determined by one of more of the following
factors: genetic, hormonal, psychological, or social. Based on today's
state-of-the-art-science, what is your opinion?'
"The answers included the following: 'all of the above in concert' (Alan
Bell), 'all of these variables' (Richard Green), 'multiple factors' (Gilbert
Herdt), 'a combination of all the factors named' (Evelyn Hooker), 'all of these
factors' (Judd Marmor), 'a combination of causes' (Richard Pillard), 'possibly
genetic and hormonal, but juvenile sexual rehearsal play is particularly
important' (John Money), and 'genetic and hormonal factors, and perhaps also some
early childhood experiences' (James Weinrich)." (Page 273)
--Simon LeVay (1996), in Queer Science, published by MIT Press.
(10) The American Psychological Association says:
"Various theories have proposed differing sources for sexual
orientation...However, many scientists share the view that sexual orientation is
shaped for most people at an early age through complex interactions of
biological, psychological and social factors."
--From the A.P.A.'s booklet, "Answers to Your Questions About Sexual
Orientation and Homosexuality"
(11) The national organization P-FLAG ("Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays")
offers a booklet prepared with the assistance of Dr. Clinton Anderson of the
American Psychological Association. Entitled, "Why Ask Why? Addressing the
Research on Homosexuality and Biology,"
the pamphlet says:
"To date, no researcher has claimed that genes can determine sexual orientation.
At best, researchers believe that there may be a genetic component. No human
behavior, let alone sexual behavior, has been connected to genetic markers to
date...sexuality, like every other behavior, is undoubtedly influenced by both
biological and societal factors."
Updated: 8 February 2008
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